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                                <h1 id="&#x897F;&#x74DC;&#x4E66;&#x6982;&#x5FF5;">&#x897F;&#x74DC;&#x4E66;&#x6982;&#x5FF5;</h1>
<h2 id="&#x7B2C;8&#x7AE0;-&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;">&#x7B2C;8&#x7AE0; &#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>Page171: &#x591A;&#x5206;&#x7C7B;&#x5668;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;(multi-classifier system)</p>
<p>  &#x5373;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page171: &#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#xFF08;individual learner&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  &#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x662F;&#xFF1A;&#x5148;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x4E00;&#x7EC4;&#x201C;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x201D;&#xFF0C;&#x518D;&#x7528;&#x67D0;&#x79CD;&#x7B56;&#x7565;&#x5C06;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x7ED3;&#x5408;&#x8D77;&#x6765;&#xFF0C;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x7531;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x73B0;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x7B97;&#x6CD5;&#x4ECE;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page171: &#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;(base learner)</p>
<p>  &#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x4E2D;&#x53EA;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x540C;&#x79CD;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x662F;&#x540C;&#x8D28;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x540C;&#x8D28;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x4EA6;&#x79F0;&#x201C;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x201D;&#xFF0C;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x7B97;&#x6CD5;&#x79F0;&#x4E3A;&#x201C;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x7B97;&#x6CD5;&#x201D;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page171: &#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x7B97;&#x6CD5;(base learning algorithm)</p>
<p>  &#x89C1;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page171: &#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;(311)(ensemble learning)</p>
<p>  &#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x6784;&#x5EFA;&#x5E76;&#x7ED3;&#x5408;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x6765;&#x5B8C;&#x6210;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x4EFB;&#x52A1;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x65F6;&#x4E5F;&#x88AB;&#x79F0;&#x4E3A;&#x591A;&#x5206;&#x7C7B;&#x5668;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;(multi-classifier system)&#xFF0C;&#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x59D4;&#x5458;&#x4F1A;&#x7684;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;(committee-based learning)&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page171: &#x5F31;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#xFF08;weak learner&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  &#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x5C06;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x7ED3;&#x5408;&#xFF0C;&#x5E38;&#x53EF;&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#x6BD4;&#x5355;&#x4E00;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x663E;&#x8457;&#x4F18;&#x8D8A;&#x7684;&#x6CDB;&#x5316;&#x6027;&#x80FD;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x5BF9;&#x5F31;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x5C24;&#x4E3A;&#x660E;&#x663E;&#xFF0C;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x6709;&#x65F6;&#x4E5F;&#x88AB;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x79F0;&#x4E3A;&#x5F31;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page172: AdaBoost</p>
<p>  AdaBoost&#x7B97;&#x6CD5;&#x6709;&#x591A;&#x79CD;&#x63A8;&#x5BFC;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x5BB9;&#x6613;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x201C;&#x52A0;&#x6027;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x201D;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x7EBF;&#x6027;&#x7EC4;&#x5408;</p>
<p>  <script type="math/tex; ">H(x) = \sum_{t=1}^T \alpha_t h_t (x)</script></p>
<p>  &#x6765;&#x6700;&#x5C0F;&#x5316;&#x6307;&#x6570;&#x635F;&#x5931;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF08;exponential loss function&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  <script type="math/tex; ">l_{exp}(H|D) = \mathbb{E}_{x~D}[e^{-f(x)H(x)}]</script></p>
</li>
<li><p>Page172: &#x591A;&#x6837;&#x6027;(diversity)</p>
<p>  &#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x5DEE;&#x5F02;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page172: &#x6295;&#x7968;&#x6CD5;(225)(voting)</p>
<p>  &#x5C11;&#x6570;&#x670D;&#x4ECE;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page173: Boosting(page139)</p>
<p>  Boosting&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x65CF;&#x53EF;&#x5C06;&#x5F31;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x63D0;&#x5347;&#x4E3A;&#x5F3A;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x7B97;&#x6CD5;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x65CF;&#x7B97;&#x6CD5;&#x7684;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#xFF1A;&#x5148;&#x4ECE;&#x521D;&#x59CB;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x96C6;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x51FA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x518D;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x5BF9;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5206;&#x5E03;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8C03;&#x6574;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x5F97;&#x5148;&#x524D;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x505A;&#x9519;&#x7684;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5728;&#x540E;&#x7EED;&#x6536;&#x5230;&#x66F4;&#x591A;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x8C03;&#x6574;&#x540E;&#x7684;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5206;&#x5E03;&#x6765;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x4E0B;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x6B64;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#xFF0C;&#x76F4;&#x81F3;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x6570;&#x76EE;&#x8FBE;&#x5230;&#x4E8B;&#x5148;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x503C;T&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x7EC8;&#x5C06;&#x8FD9;T&#x4E2A;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x52A0;&#x6743;&#x7ED3;&#x5408;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page173: &#x52A0;&#x6027;&#x6A21;&#x578B;</p>
<p>  &#x89C1;AdaBoost</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page177: &#x91CD;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#xFF08;re-sampling&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  &#x5728;&#x6BCF;&#x4E00;&#x8F6E;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5206;&#x5E03;&#x5BF9;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x96C6;&#x91CD;&#x65B0;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x518D;&#x7528;&#x91CD;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x800C;&#x5F97;&#x7684;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x96C6;&#x5BF9;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page177: &#x91CD;&#x8D4B;&#x6743;&#xFF08;re-weighting&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  &#x5728;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x7684;&#x6BCF;&#x4E00;&#x8F6E;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5206;&#x5E03;&#x4E3A;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x91CD;&#x65B0;&#x8D4B;&#x4E88;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6743;&#x91CD;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x65E0;&#x6CD5;&#x63A5;&#x53D7;&#x5E26;&#x6743;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x7B97;&#x6CD5;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x53EF;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x91CD;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x6CD5;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#xFF0C;&#x4E24;&#x79CD;&#x505A;&#x6CD5;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x663E;&#x8457;&#x7684;&#x4F18;&#x52A3;&#x5DEE;&#x522B;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page178: Bagging&#xFF08;Boostrap AGGregatING&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  Bagging&#x662F;&#x5E76;&#x884C;&#x5F0F;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x6700;&#x8457;&#x540D;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#xFF0C;&#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x81EA;&#x52A9;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x6CD5;&#xFF0C;&#x7ED9;&#x5B9A;&#x5305;&#x542B;m&#x4E2A;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x96C6;&#xFF0C;&#x5148;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x53D6;&#x51FA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x653E;&#x5165;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x518D;&#x628A;&#x8BE5;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x653E;&#x56DE;&#x521D;&#x59CB;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x96C6;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x5F97;&#x4E0B;&#x6B21;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x65F6;&#x8BE5;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x4ECD;&#x6709;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x88AB;&#x9009;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7ECF;&#x8FC7;m&#x6B21;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5F97;&#x5230;&#x542B;m&#x4E2A;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x96C6;&#xFF0C;&#x521D;&#x59CB;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x5728;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x96C6;&#x91CC;&#x591A;&#x6B21;&#x51FA;&#x73B0;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x4ECE;&#x672A;&#x51FA;&#x73B0;&#x3002;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x51FA;T&#x4E2A;&#x542B;m&#x4E2A;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x96C6;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x96C6;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x51FA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x518D;&#x5C06;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x7ED3;&#x5408;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x5C31;&#x662F;Bagging&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x672C;&#x6D41;&#x7A0B;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page178: &#x81EA;&#x52A9;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x6CD5;(Boostrap sampling)</p>
<p>  &#x89C1;Bagging&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page179: &#x968F;&#x673A;&#x68EE;&#x6797;&#xFF08;Random Forest&#xFF0C;RF&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  &#x662F;Bagging&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6269;&#x5C55;&#x53D8;&#x4F53;&#xFF0C;RF&#x5728;&#x4EE5;&#x51B3;&#x7B56;&#x6811;&#x4E3A;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x6784;&#x5EFA;Bagging&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x7840;&#x4E0A;&#xFF0C;&#x8FDB;&#x4E00;&#x6B65;&#x5728;&#x51B3;&#x7B56;&#x6811;&#x7684;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x4E2D;&#x5F15;&#x5165;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x3002;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x6765;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x4F20;&#x7EDF;&#x51B3;&#x7B56;&#x6811;&#x5728;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x5212;&#x5206;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x65F6;&#x662F;&#x5728;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x7ED3;&#x70B9;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x96C6;&#x5408;&#xFF08;&#x5047;&#x5B9A;&#x6709;d&#x4E2A;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#xFF09;&#x4E2D;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6700;&#x4F18;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x5728;RF&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x57FA;&#x51B3;&#x7B56;&#x6811;&#x7684;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x7ED3;&#x70B9;&#xFF0C;&#x5148;&#x4ECE;&#x8BE5;&#x7ED3;&#x70B9;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x96C6;&#x5408;&#x4E2D;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5305;&#x542B;k&#x4E2A;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x5B50;&#x96C6;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x518D;&#x4ECE;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x5B50;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6700;&#x4F18;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x5212;&#x5206;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x7684;&#x53C2;&#x6570;k&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x4E86;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x5F15;&#x5165;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#xFF1A;&#x82E5;&#x4EE4;k=d&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x57FA;&#x51B3;&#x7B56;&#x6811;&#x7684;&#x6784;&#x5EFA;&#x4E0E;&#x4F20;&#x7EDF;&#x51B3;&#x7B56;&#x6811;&#x76F8;&#x540C;&#xFF1B;&#x82E5;&#x4EE4;k=1&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x662F;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x5212;&#x5206;&#xFF1B;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x63A8;&#x8350;<script type="math/tex; ">k=log_2d</script>&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page182: &#x52A0;&#x6743;&#x5E73;&#x5747;(225)(weighted averaging)</p>
<p>  &#x5047;&#x5B9A;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x5305;&#x542B;T&#x4E2A;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;<script type="math/tex; ">{h_1,h_2,...h_T}</script>&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;<script type="math/tex; ">h_i</script>&#x5728;&#x793A;&#x4F8B;<script type="math/tex; ">x</script>&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x4E3A;<script type="math/tex; ">h_i(x)</script>&#xFF0C;&#x52A0;&#x6743;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#x7ED3;&#x5408;<script type="math/tex; ">h_i</script>&#xFF1A;
  <script type="math/tex; ">H(x)=\sum_{i=1}^Tw_ih_i(x)</script></p>
<p>  &#x5176;&#x4E2D;<script type="math/tex; ">w_i</script>&#x662F;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;<script type="math/tex; ">h_i</script>&#x7684;&#x6743;&#x91CD;&#xFF0C;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x8981;&#x6C42;<script type="math/tex; ">w_i\geqq0, \sum_{i=1}^T=1</script></p>
</li>
<li><p>Page182: &#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x5E73;&#x5747;(simple averaging)</p>
<p>  <script type="math/tex; ">H(x)=\frac{1}{T}\sum_{i=1}^Th_i(x).</script></p>
<p>  &#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x542B;&#x4E49;&#x89C1;&#x52A0;&#x6743;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page182: &#x7EDD;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x6295;&#x7968;(majority voting)
  &#x5BF9;&#x5206;&#x7C7B;&#x4EFB;&#x52A1;&#x6765;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;<script type="math/tex; ">h_i</script>&#x5C06;&#x4ECE;&#x7C7B;&#x522B;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#x96C6;&#x5408;<script type="math/tex; ">{c_1,c_2,...,c_N}</script>&#x4E2D;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x51FA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x5E38;&#x89C1;&#x7684;&#x7ED3;&#x5408;&#x7B56;&#x7565;&#x662F;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6295;&#x7968;&#x6CD5;&#xFF0C;&#x5C06;<script type="math/tex; ">h_i</script>&#x5728;&#x6837;&#x672C;<script type="math/tex; ">x</script>&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x4E3A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;N&#x7EF4;&#x5411;&#x91CF;<script type="math/tex; ">(h_i^1(x);h_i^2(x);...;h_i^N(x))</script>&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;<script type="math/tex; ">h_i^j(x)</script>&#x662F;<script type="math/tex; ">h_i</script>&#x5728;&#x7C7B;&#x522B;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;<script type="math/tex; ">c_j</script>&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x3002;</p>
<p>  &#x7EDD;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x6295;&#x7968;&#x6CD5;:
  <script type="math/tex; ">\begin{eqnarray}H(x)= \begin{cases}    c_j, &if \sum_{i=1}^Th_i^j(x)>0.5\sum_{k=1}^N\sum_{i=1}^Th_i^k(x)\cr reject, otherwise\end{cases} \end{eqnarray}</script></p>
<p>  &#x5373;&#x82E5;&#x67D0;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#x5F97;&#x7968;&#x8FC7;&#x534A;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x4E3A;&#x8BE5;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#xFF1B;&#x5426;&#x5219;&#x62D2;&#x7EDD;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page183: &#x52A0;&#x6743;&#x6295;&#x7968;(225)&#xFF08;weighted voting&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  <script type="math/tex; ">H(x)=c_{argmax_j\sum_{i=1}^Tw_ih_i^j(x)}</script></p>
<p>  &#x4E0E;&#x52A0;&#x6743;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#x6CD5;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#xFF0C;<script type="math/tex; ">wi</script>&#x662F;<script type="math/tex; ">h_i</script>&#x7684;&#x6743;&#x91CD;&#xFF0C;&#x901A;&#x5E38;<script type="math/tex; ">wi\geq0, \sum_{i=1}^Tw_i=1</script>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page183: &#x76F8;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x6295;&#x7968;&#xFF08;plurality votiing&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  <script type="math/tex; ">H(x) = c_{argmax_j\sum_{i=1}^Th_i^j(x)}</script></p>
<p>  &#x5373;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x4E3A;&#x5F97;&#x7968;&#x6700;&#x591A;&#x7684;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#xFF0C;&#x82E5;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x53C8;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#x6700;&#x9AD8;&#x8868;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x4ECE;&#x4E2D;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x9009;&#x53D6;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#xFF0C;&#x7EDD;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x6295;&#x7968;&#x548C;&#x76F8;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x6295;&#x7968;&#x7EDF;&#x79F0;&#x4E3A;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x6295;&#x7968;&#x6CD5;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page184: Stacking</p>
<p>  &#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#xFF0C;&#x5148;&#x4ECE;&#x521D;&#x59CB;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x96C6;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x51FA;&#x521D;&#x7EA7;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x65B0;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x96C6;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x6B21;&#x7EA7;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x65B0;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x521D;&#x7EA7;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x88AB;&#x5F53;&#x4F5C;&#x6837;&#x4F8B;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x7279;&#x5F81;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x521D;&#x59CB;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#x4ECD;&#x88AB;&#x5F53;&#x505A;&#x6837;&#x4F8B;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page185: &#x8D1D;&#x53F6;&#x65AF;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#xFF08;Bayes Model Averaging&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  &#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x540E;&#x9A8C;&#x6982;&#x7387;&#x6765;&#x4E3A;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x8D4B;&#x4E88;&#x6743;&#x91CD;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x89C6;&#x4E3A;&#x52A0;&#x6743;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#x6CD5;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#xFF0C;&#x7406;&#x8BBA;&#x4E0A;&#xFF0C;&#x82E5;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x6070;&#x5728;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x8003;&#x8651;&#x7684;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x4E14;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x566A;&#x58F0;&#x5C11;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;BMA&#x4E0D;&#x5DEE;&#x4E8E;Stacking&#xFF1B;&#x7136;&#x800C;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x73B0;&#x5B9E;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x4E2D;&#x65E0;&#x6CD5;&#x786E;&#x4FDD;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x5728;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x8003;&#x8651;&#x7684;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x7528;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x8003;&#x8651;&#x7684;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x6765;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8FD1;&#x4F3C;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;Stacking&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x4F18;&#x4E8E;BMA&#xFF0C;&#x66F4;&#x9C81;&#x68D2;&#xFF0C;BMA&#x5BF9;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x8FD1;&#x4F3C;&#x8BEF;&#x5DEE;&#x66F4;&#x654F;&#x611F;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page185: &#x5206;&#x6B67;(304)&#xFF08;ambiguity&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  &#x5047;&#x5B9A;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7528;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;<script type="math/tex; ">h_1,h_2,...,h_T</script>&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x52A0;&#x6743;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#x6CD5;&#x7ED3;&#x5408;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x7684;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x6765;&#x5B8C;&#x6210;&#x56DE;&#x5F52;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x4EFB;&#x52A1;<script type="math/tex; ">f:\mathbb{R}^d\mapsto\mathbb{R}</script>&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x793A;&#x4F8B;<script type="math/tex; ">x</script>&#xFF0C;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;<script type="math/tex; ">h_i</script>&#x7684;&#x201C;&#x5206;&#x6B67;&#x201D;&#x4E3A;&#xFF1A;</p>
<p>  <script type="math/tex; ">A(h_i|x)=(h_i(x)-H(x))^2</script></p>
<p>  &#x5219;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x7684;&#x201C;&#x5206;&#x6B67;&#x201D;&#x662F;
  <script type="math/tex; ">\overline{A}(h|x) = \sum_{i=1}^Tw_iA(h_i|x) = \sum_{i=1}^Tw_i(h_i(x)-H(x))^2</script></p>
<p>  &#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x7684;&#x5206;&#x6B67;&#x8868;&#x5F81;&#x4E86;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x5728;&#x6837;&#x672C;x&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x4E0D;&#x4E00;&#x81F4;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x4E0A;&#x53CD;&#x6620;&#x4E86;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x591A;&#x6837;&#x6027;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page185: &#x8BEF;&#x5DEE;-&#x5206;&#x6B67;&#x5206;&#x89E3;&#xFF08;error-ambiguity decomposition&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  <script type="math/tex; ">E=\overline{E}-\overline{A}</script></p>
<p>  <script type="math/tex; ">E</script>: &#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x6CDB;&#x5316;&#x8BEF;&#x5DEE;&#xFF0C;<script type="math/tex; ">\overline{E}</script>: &#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x6CDB;&#x5316;&#x8BEF;&#x5DEE;&#x7684;&#x52A0;&#x6743;&#x5747;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;<script type="math/tex; ">\overline{A}</script>&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x52A0;&#x6743;&#x5206;&#x6B67;&#x503C;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x5206;&#x89E3;&#x660E;&#x786E;&#x63D0;&#x51FA;&#xFF1A;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x51C6;&#x786E;&#x6027;&#x8D8A;&#x9AD8;&#xFF0C;&#x591A;&#x6837;&#x6027;&#x8D8A;&#x5927;&#xFF0C;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x8D8A;&#x597D;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page187: &#x5DEE;&#x5F02;&#x6027;&#x5EA6;&#x91CF;</p>
<p>  &#x540C;&#x591A;&#x6837;&#x6027;&#x5EA6;&#x91CF;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page187: &#x591A;&#x6837;&#x6027;&#x5EA6;&#x91CF;&#xFF08;diversity measure&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  &#x5EA6;&#x91CF;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x4E2D;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5206;&#x7C7B;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x591A;&#x6837;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x4F30;&#x7B97;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x591A;&#x6837;&#x5316;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#xFF0C;&#x5178;&#x578B;&#x505A;&#x6CD5;&#x662F;&#x8003;&#x8651;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5206;&#x7C7B;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x4E24;&#x4E24;&#x76F8;&#x4F3C;/&#x4E0D;&#x76F8;&#x4F3C;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x5E38;&#x7528;&#x5EA6;&#x91CF;&#x6709;&#x4E0D;&#x5408;&#x5EA6;&#x91CF;&#xFF0C;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;Q-&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;&#x91CF;&#xFF0C;K-&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;&#x91CF;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page189: &#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x5B50;&#x96C6;</p>
<p>  &#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x7531;&#x4E00;&#x7EC4;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x5B50;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#xFF08;&#x5373;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x5B50;&#x96C6;&#xFF09;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x89C2;&#x5BDF;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x7684;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x89C6;&#x89D2;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page189: &#x968F;&#x673A;&#x5B50;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#xFF08;random subspace&#xFF09;</p>
<p>  &#x4F9D;&#x8D56;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x6270;&#x52A8;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x968F;&#x673A;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x5B50;&#x96C6;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page189: &#x7A33;&#x5B9A;&#x57FA;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;(stable base learner)</p>
<p>  &#x5BF9;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x6270;&#x52A8;&#x4E0D;&#x654F;&#x611F;&#x7684;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x7EBF;&#x6027;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x3001;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x5411;&#x91CF;&#x673A;&#x3001;&#x6734;&#x7D20;&#x8D1D;&#x53F6;&#x65AF;&#xFF0C;k&#x8FD1;&#x90BB;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page189: &#x5B50;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;(227)(subspace)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>&#x5B50;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x6307;&#x4ECE;&#x521D;&#x59CB;&#x7684;&#x9AD8;&#x7EF4;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x6295;&#x5F71;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x7684;&#x4F4E;&#x7EF4;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#xFF0C;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#x4F4E;&#x7EF4;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x662F;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x521D;&#x59CB;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x6295;&#x5F71;&#x53D8;&#x6362;&#x800C;&#x5F97;&#xFF0C;&#x672A;&#x5FC5;&#x662F;&#x521D;&#x59CB;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x3002;</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Page191: &#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x4FEE;&#x526A;(ensemble pruning)</p>
<p>  &#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x4E4B;&#x540E;&#x518D;&#x89C6;&#x56FE;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x53BB;&#x9664;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x5668;&#x6765;&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#x8F83;&#x5C0F;&#x7684;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#xFF0C;&#x79F0;&#x4E3A;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x4FEE;&#x526A;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x52A9;&#x4E8E;&#x51CF;&#x5C0F;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x5F00;&#x9500;&#x548C;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x5F00;&#x9500;&#xFF0C;&#x51CF;&#x5C0F;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x5E38;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;&#x6CDB;&#x5316;&#x6027;&#x80FD;&#x4E0B;&#x964D;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x884C;&#x5316;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4FEE;&#x526A;&#x80FD;&#x5728;&#x51CF;&#x5C0F;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x7684;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x63D0;&#x5347;&#x6CDB;&#x5316;&#x6027;&#x80FD;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x50AC;&#x751F;&#x4E86;&#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x4F18;&#x5316;&#x7684;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x4FEE;&#x526A;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x3002;</p>
</li>
<li><p>Page191: &#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x6027;&#x96C6;&#x6210;(selective emsemble)</p>
<p>  &#x5BF9;&#x5E76;&#x884C;&#x5316;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x7684;&#x4FEE;&#x526A;&#x4EA6;&#x79F0;&#x201C;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x6027;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x201D;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x5C06;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x6027;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x7528;&#x4F5C;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x4FEE;&#x526A;&#x7684;&#x540C;&#x4E49;&#x8BED;&#xFF0C;&#x4EA6;&#x79F0;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x9009;&#x62E9;(ensemble selection)&#x3002;</p>
</li>
</ul>

                                
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